Principal sources of water pollution are:
- industrial discharge of chemical wastes and byproducts
- discharge of poorly-treated or untreated sewage
- surface runoff containing pesticides
- slash and burn farming practice, which is often an element within shifting cultivation agricultural systems
- surface runoff containing spilled petroleum products
- surface runoff from construction sites, farms, or paved and other impervious surfaces e.g. silt
- discharge of contaminated and/or heated water used for industrial processes
- acid rain caused by industrial discharge of sulfur dioxide (by burning high-sulfur fossil fuels)
- excess nutrients added by runoff containing detergents or fertilizers
- underground storage tank leakage, leading to soil contamination, thence aquifer contamination.
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